CONTOH DRAMA

PUNISHMENT
By Hengky Kusuma

Dramatist Personae:
Bob, an unemployed man
Kyle, Bob’s daughter

Curtain opens

ACT I

In an apartment in Miami, Bob was writing something in the solitude of his room. He looked out of the window before him. To the dark skies and rain falling in deep sound. He enjoyed it, until someone made a sound outside. Kyle knocked the door.

Bob: (Stands up and takes off his glasses) Who’s there? (Silence) I said, who’s there? (Opens the door)
Kyle: Surprise! (laughing, the gives Bob a hug)
Bob: Kyle! What a surprise…! What are you doing here?
Kyle: Is it wrong for a woman to see her father? Come on, Dad… (lifting some wet bags)
Bob: (laughing) How could you become so smart like that? That’s not like my daughter at all. Come in…
Kyle: (comes in and closes the door) Well, what are you busy with, Dad? (puts the bags down and looks around)
Bob: You know me, as I said to you… I learn to write, Kyle. Can you see those books? You should know how creative and smart I am now. (goes to his room and takes a box of cigar)
Kyle: (smiling and sits on a sofa). Well, I think this is my responsibility to keep you away from those cigars.
Bob: Nay, lady… You can’t do that to me. (litting his cigar) So, how is your job there in glamorous Los Angeles?
Kyle: Well, honestly, being a lawyer there is harder there. You know, there are many competitors, cases to handle. To some extent, this is much frustrating. Fortunately, I can have quite long holiday to see you, Dad.
Bob: But you should tell me earlier so I can take you in the airport. Remember that next time!
Kyle: Alright, pop.
(Both laugh)
Bob: You look sleepy, honey. Have a rest there (pointing an empty room) Oups, sorry I haven’t prepared it (Both stands and goes to the room)
Kyle: No problem. It’s my own mistake!


ACT II

Kyle woke up from her sleep. She found a glass of water and knew that Bob had put it there from a message. ‘I’m out. I’ll be back at 8’. She looked at the clock. It’s 7.40. she’d slept quite long. She went out of the room, to her father’s room. She looked at the books on the table. Many of them were about happiness and life. She smiled to know it. She opened a book full of her father’s writing. Though it’s not good enough, she could still read it. She read it carefully. That’s why she didn’t know that Bob was behind her.

Bob: Kyle.
Kyle: (surprised) Oh, Dad! You do surprise me! I didn’t hear you coming in… (puts the book)
Bob: Sorry for that… (takes off his jacket)
Kyle: Umm… I just had a look on your writing… (silence) Do you write bout… mom?
Bob: (stands still for a moment then sits on the bed) Some say that we can only write best on something close to ourselves. That’s why I write that. So, you know…
Kyle: I still don’t understand, Dad. You still think bout her? It’s been years…
Bob: I know how you hate her, Kyle… But you can’t live with such a feeling. You have to forgive her.
Kyle: I should. But as I remember the face when she left us, it seems difficult for me to do so.
Bob: I was in the exactly same condition with you, Kyle… Then I realize that I have to forgive her.
Kyle: Why? I don’t find any reason or excuse for it. Nothing. (sits on a chair before Bob)
Bob: Well… Honestly, you don’t really know how it was…
Kyle: No, you told me all about it, didn’t you?
Bob: I lied to you.
(Silence)
Kyle: You wouldn’t do that to me.
Bob: In fact, I did. It’s not true that she left us for a better man and better life. That’s definitely a lie. I’m sorry for telling you this.
Kyle: (takes a deep breath) It can’t be true. You should tell me the truth, Dad!
Bob: (takes the book) It’s a shame, Kyle… It was my own fault. You used to think that she left us. But, you must know, we left her, honestly.
Kyle: How could it be?
Bob: I thought that I can’t live with her anymore, since I couldn’t find any happiness in our marriage. You know that we don’t have much money to live, though you were child. I chose another woman, so she left us. That’s what you don’t know…
Kyle: You know… It’s like… (puzzled)
Bob: I feel so guilty. Many years. To keep that fact and to leave your mom. She was so frustrated so I didn’t want to know anything bout her anymore. But I suffer more when I knew she died. It brought all the past along. (silence) Into a bigger guilt.
Kyle: (looks at the window) What should I do, Dad?
Bob: I’ve done it to myself. So, probably it’s your turn to punish me, Kyle. For all the hatred you feel on her.
Kyle: (looks at her father’s eyes)

Curtain closes.

EXTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF 'OUR MUTUAL FRIEND'

A. BIOGRAPHY
- Life
Charles Dickens was born in 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, to John and Elizabeth Barrow Dickens. The second of eight children, Dickens spent his childhood on the southern coast of England, where he attended a good school until the age of eleven. The family then moved to London and shortly thereafter his father was sent to debtor's prison. Young Charles went to work in a blacking warehouse and was forced to live on his own in cheap lodgings in a state of near starvation. Although he was soon rescued by his father and sent to school in London, the brief period of abandonment and uncertainty affected his life and his writings for years to come. Dickens did not attend college but was admitted as a reader to the library of the British Museum, where he immersed himself in the study of great literature, particularly Shakespeare. He worked for some time as a clerk, as a shorthand reporter, and eventually as a news reporter for the Morning Chronicle, a position which required him to travel all over the country.
-Career
Dickens's first success, both critical and popular, was Sketches by Boz (1836), a series of short pieces on life in London. His first novel, Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1837), was published, as were all of his novels, in serial form, and by the time the fourth monthly installment was issued, Dickens was the most popular author in England. His writing, once full of hope and optimism, grew increasingly pessimistic as he aged, with images of decay and corruption dominating the later works. Our Mutual Friend was his last completed novel; with its images of dustheaps and death, it is widely considered one of the author's darkest visions. In 1870, while working on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Dickens suffered an aneurysm in the brain and died the next day. He was buried in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.
- Dickens’ Works
Over the next thirty years, he continued to publish successful novels, among them: Oliver Twist (1838), A Christmas Carol In Prose (1843), The Personal History of David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times for These Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1861).
- View
Charles Dickens distaste for the upper class and his strong interest in social reform is very evident in all of his writings. Throughout his life, he continually worked on writing novels that reflected his own view of the social classes. Dickens writes his characters of the lower social class to have more value than the aristocrats that in his own view he has grown to despise

B. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
- World view: most people in england in the middle of 19th century did not have money. They could not become ladies and gentlemen. They were the working class. Some working class people, like Bradley Headstone and Charley Hexam wanted to do better in life.
- Economy: England in the middle of 19th century grew wealthy. Many people suddenly became rich. People who have money could become part of Society. Society people were known as ladies and gentlemen.

C. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
- Loyalty
- Marriage for Money

INTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF 'OUR MUTUAL FRIEND'

A. THEME
The theme of this novel is the power of money.

B. MORAL VALUE
The value the readers can get by reading Our Mutual Friend is that life or wealth can change someone into a bad one if he/she cannot behave wisely.

C. CHARACTERS
1. MAJOR CHARACTERS
• John Harmon aka John Rokesmith aka Julius Handford: educated, wise, and humble man
• Bella Wilfer: poor, materialistic (firstly), beautiful woman.
• Rogue Riderhood: rude, lock-keeper, fat, ugly
• Mortimer Lightwood: lawyer, loyal to his partner
• Eugene Wrayburn: lawyer, loyal to his partner
• Charley Hexam: educated, student of Mr Headstone
• Bradley Headstone: a schoolmaster, jealous, ambitious
• Noddy Boffin and Mrs. Boffin: old, uneducated, simple, but honest and kind people.
• Jenny Wren: a doll-dressmaker
• Lizzie Hexam: uneducated, a dressmaker
2. MINOR CHARACTERS
• Jesse Hexam: uneducated, poor, worked as waterman
• Mrs Wilfer : Bella's mother
• Reginald Wilfer: Bella's father




D. CHARACTERIZATION
The characters in this novel is dominantly described by action and dialogue.

E. PLOT
- Exposition: from the beginning until all characters in this story were introduced.
- Complication: When John Rokesmith try to express his love to Bella.
- Climax: When John Rokesmith diusir by Mr. Boffin.
- Resolution: John revealed his real identity as John Harmon

F. CONFLICT
* Man vs Man
Example: between Eugene Wrayburn and Bradley Headstone, Rogue Riderhood and Bradley Headstone.
* Man vs Himself
Example: Lizzie’s feeling to Mr. Headstone

G. SETTING
- Time: in the middle of 19th century
- Place: much of this story takes place on near the River Thames, where it flowed through London. The Thames was dirty and crowded with boats and ships of all kinds.

H. POINT OF VIEW
Omniscient: The writer knows everything unlimitedly that is done by all characters.

SUMMARY OF 'OUR MUTUAL FRIEND' BY CHARLES DICKENS

Di bawah ini adalah ringkasan cerita dari novel tulisan Charles Dickens yang berjudul 'Our Mutual Friend'.

With much love and happyness,

Kusuma


SUMMARY

There was a wealthy old man who had a son named John Harmon. The son had been abroad for 14 years. One time, the old man died then most of the property goes to John but he can only get the money on one condition: he must marry a certain girl named Bella. The old man saw this girl once when she was only 4 years old. John returned to England by ship. On the ship, he met a sailor named George Radfoot. Then, John made a plan. He changed clothes with George to impersonate. The aim of this impersonation is to make an approach to know about Bella. Arriving in London, George took John to a house of a man called Rogue Roderhood to buy a sailor uniform. Actually, George wanted to kill John to get the property his father left for him. In the other hand, Rogue also wanted to kill John and blame that killing on George. By doing that, Rogue would get a reward. Because George wore John’s clothes, he was attacked by Rogue. George was dead, while John was drowning in the river after being knocked down. Fortunately, he could survive. Then he used Julius Handford as his name and stayed for a while in a hotel.
Later on, a man named Jesse Hexam and his daughter, Lizzie, found the body of George. Because George wore John’s clothes, so they assumed it as John Harmon’s dead body. Then, Charley, Jesse’s son, sent a message of ‘John Harmon’s’ death to Mr. Mortimer Lightwood and Eugene Wrayburn who were lawyers. Then they did an investigation. They suspected the stranger Julius Handford who suddenly disappeared as the murderer.
Because ‘John Harmon’ was dead, all his father’s money went to the old servant, Noddy Boffin. When Noddy and Mrs. Boffin moved to a bigger house, they also took Bella. They did it because they had sympathy on her that she had lost a husband and all the money too. When Mr. Boffin needed a secretary to handle his businesses, a man named John Rokesmith came and was accepted to be his secretary. John Rokesmith was actually the real John Harmon. He came to the house in order to investigate and know better about Bella. Mr. and Mrs. Boffin did not know that John Rokesmith was the real John Harmon.
So Bella had changed from a poor girl into a beautiful girl who joined the very best society, with Mr. and Mrs. Boffin. Meanwhile, while working as a secretary, John started to make an approach to Bella. One day, John expressed his love to Bella and asked her to marry him, but she rejected him because of his lower social status. Honestly, Bella also loved him. Mrs. Boffin saw this rejection. Then she saw John sitting lonely and sad by his fire. At that moment, when looking at John’s face, she realized that he was the real John Harmon. So the Boffins knew that John Rokesmith is John Harmon. Next, they made a plan. One day, Mr. Boffin pretended to dissipate John Rokesmith because he had been so cheeky to ask Bella for marry him. Finally, Bella realized that money had changed Mr. Boffin. She said to Mr. Boffin, “When I came here, I loved and respected you. But your money has changed you. I used to love money, but now I hate it. And I hate you too.”
Bella left the house with John Rokesmith. Bella had been happily married to John Rokesmith for more than a year. One day, they were walking happily along together. Suddenly they met Mr. Lightwood. Mr. Lightwood recognized John as Julius Handford, who was assumed as the murderer of John Harmon. Then he took John to the police station. There, John revealed his real identity as John Harmon to Mr. Lightwood. Being free from punishment, he took Bella to the Boffins’ house. There, he revealed his secret to Bella that he and the Boffins had pretended to her and explained that John Rokesmith and Julius Handford are the same man: John Harmon. Bella was surprised, but she did not change her feeling to John.

WHAT IS LITERATURE? (APAKAH SASTRA ITU?)

1. Literature: written works with artistic value: written works, e.g. fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism, that are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value.

2. Literature: body of written works: the body of written works of a culture, language, people, or period of time.

3. Literature: writings on subject: the body of published work concerned with a particular subject scientific literature.

4. Literature: body of music: the body of musical compositions for a particular instrument or group of instruments.

5. Literature: printed information: printed matter such as brochures or flyers that give information the company's promotional literature

6. Literature: production of literary works: the creation of literary work, especially as an art or occupation.
http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861698999/literature.html

7. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction.
http://classiclit.about.com/od/literaryterms/g/aa_whatisliter.htm

8. Literature: the production of literary work especially as an occupation3 a (1): writings in prose or verse ; especially : writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest (2): an example of such writings b: the body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age c: the body of writings on a particular subject d: printed matter (as leaflets or circulars) 4: the aggregate of a usually specified type of musical compositions
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literature

LITERARY AND NON-LITERARY TEXT

* DIFFEREENCES
1. LITERARY
- Tell about story, imagination, and something which is not real. Sometimes we can call fiction texts as literature.
- Usually use informal language or words, in order to make the text to be more artistic.
- Most of the texts are purposed to entertain the reader.

2. NON-LITERARY
- Tell about something or condition which is really happened, and sometimes supported with argument, or description. It doesn’t include any artistic part in the text.
- Use a formal language, in order to show intellectuality.
- Most of the texts are purposed to inform, or persuade the reader.

* SIMILARITIES
- Both of them have a title at the top of the text.
- Some kinds of texts, both in literature and non-literature, can be performed. For example, in literature, we can do a play, or poetry reading. And in non-literature, we can do a news reading, or debate.
- For some kinds of texts, we can use a description, such as in short story in literature, and descriptive text in non-literature.
- One kind of text, which is novel, can be literature and non-literature. It is because there are fiction novel, and non-fiction novel (example: memoir)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LITERATURE AND NON LITERATURE (PERBEDAAN SASTRA DAN NON-SASTRA)

1.LITERATURE
- comprises the world of the mind and the imagination.
- derives from the realm of word dictionaries, the general lower case words.
- written both to be spoken and `sonorised', i.e. read out to oneself and consciously heard in the ear, in natural speech-rhythms, with a word-order that only deviates in order to foreground or `background' (understate) a segment of a text.
- examples: poetry, animated story, rhymed verse, dramatic role play, picture book, imaginative recount, fairy tale, cultural story, lyric verse, sonnet, anecdote, parody, etc.

2. NON LITERATURE
- the world of reality, of facts and events.
- covers the topics of encyclopaedic dictionaries, names, titles, upper case words.
- Non-rhetorical, non-literary texts are written to be soundlessly skimmed.
- examples: exposition, argument, review, news report, biography, letter, etc.

EDUCATION AND LITERATURE AS RELEVANCE (RELEVANSI PENDIDIKAN DAN SASTRA)

Education is the general form for any knowledge. So, we can call it as the umbrella term for more specific knowledges we have known, such as science, sociology, arts, even sports, etc. It is because those knowledges need some aspects of education to be learnt and develop itself. So does literature.
Literature as written work which has artistic value is a part of a specific knowledge named language. So, in learning literature we include the realization of education. Even, many people always relate the word ‘learning’ and ‘education’ as the same meaning. It can be true, because education is no only occurred in formal activity like school, but also in informal one. So, in this case, we can say that a teacher who teach his/ her students, or parents who introduce their children about literature, as the activity of education. This is why we may conclude that the development of all knowledges in the world begins with education.
There’s another relationship between education and literature, if we look it from the literature’s point of view. In literature, for example, in a story, the writer can add the value of education, both to attract or spread his/her message of it to the reader.
In summary, education is not always related to literature; but literature is always related to education.

INTERPRETING A POEM: PRACTICE

Maya Angelou
Refusal

Beloved,
In what other lives or lands
Have I known your lips
Your Hands
Your Laughter brave
Irreverent.
Those sweet excesses that
I do adore.
What surety is there
That we will meet again,
On other worlds some
Future time undated.
I defy my body's haste.
Without the promise
Of one more sweet encounter
I will not deign to die.



How to Understand the Poem:

As stated in the first line of this poem ‘beloved’, I know that it tells us about love. On the next lines, the writer shows how she admire and remember her beloved one, as it is stated ‘Have I known your lips/ Your Hands/ Your Laughter brave’ and ‘Those sweet excesses that/ I do adore.’. Then, there is an element of optimism in ‘What surety is there/ That we will meet again,/ On other worlds some/ Future time undated.’ The writer also shows her patience to wait for her beloved, as in ‘I defy my body's haste’. Then, in the end, she relates her message with the title of this poem Refusal with expression ‘…. I will not deign to die’.

SUMMARY OF 'SILAS MARNER'

Berikut ini adalah cerita berjudul 'Silas Marner' yang telah diringkas sedemikian rupa dari versi aslinya, agar bisa lebih dimengerti dan dipahami dengan mudah. Semoga dapat memberikan manfaat.

With much love and happyness,


Kusuma


SILAS MARNER

Silas Marner was a strange man who worked as a weaver and lived alone in Raveloe. The people did not know anything about him, because he always worked at his own house. He was without friends and God. He was also very interested in money, especially coins. He spent a little time to count and look at them every night. They gave him pleasure, and the coins became his only friends. He kept them inside a hole under the floor of his house.
The most important man in Raveloe was Squire Cass. He had two sons: Dunstan and Godfrey. Godfrey had married, but he loved another woman named Nancy. One day, Godfrey really needed money, so he ordered his brother to sell his horse. But, Dunstan was drunk when he rode the horse. On the way, they fell and the horse was died. Dunstan thought that Godfrey would be angry if he knew it. Then, he tried to escape. He then passed Silas’ house which was left by the owner. He tried to steal Silas’ money and he found it. When Silas arrived at his house, he found nothing strange. But, when he tried to look at his money, he was very surprised, because they had lost. He then went and told it to public. This news spread quickly, and the people of Raveloe knew that Silas was not a strange person. They gave a big sympathy and helped him to find the money. Few days later, Godfrey knew that his horse had been died, and Dunstan ran away.
One evening, when Silas came home from the village, surprisingly, he saw a child inside his house, near the hole where he hid the coins. He also found a body of a woman whom he assumed as the child’s mother, outside his house. The body was almost covered by snow. Silas went to the party at Squire’s house, to tell the Rector. Godfrey heard it, and when he looked at the body, he recognized it as the body of Molly, his wife. He later knew that the child whom Silas found was his daughter. But, public did not knew it. So, he kept the secret. Because of the death of Molly, he could marry Nancy.
16 years later, people found Silas’ money which had been lost for a long time, beside the body of Dunstan. The body lied between two great stones and when the stone-pit dried, they found the body. So, for over those years, Silas took care of that girl called Eppie. Later, Godfrey and Nancy who had not had a child, wanted her to be their daughter again. So, Nancy, who had known the old secret of his husband, and Godfrey himself, told it to Silas. Trough a little debate, Silas let Eppie to choose her own decision on it. After thinking and crying for a while, she chose to take care of the old Silas. She thought that she only had one father who had taken care of her since she was a kid, Silas. Hearing that, the couple was disappointed, but they respected her decision. They left the little family in sadness. At their house, Godfrey thought that it was too late to change the past, and he had to lose his daughter. But, he still relieved that he had Nancy as his lovely wife.
One spring, Eppie was married by Aaron, Dolly Winthrop’s son. Godfrey prepared the things for their wedding. They then were surprised, because the house had been beautifully changed by Godfrey, when arrived at it. The garden was bright with flowers which welcomed them.