When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a main verb or a subject. They consist or a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a marker and an adjective.
When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don’t feel the force of gravity. (full adverb clause)
When orbiting the earth, astronauts don’t feel the force of gravity. (reduced clause with present participle)
Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational (full adverb clause)
Although damaged, the machine was still operational. (reduced clause with a past participle)
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (full adverb clause)
Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (reduced clause with and adjective)
You will most often see reduced clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after, and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because.
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